鏜床加工(gong)(gong)應該是(shi)一個(ge)聽說過(guo)，但是(shi)不了(le)解的(de)(de)機(ji)器設備了(le)，在(zai)網(wang)上也可以搜的(de)(de)到，主要是(shi)鏜刀(dao)(dao)對工(gong)(gong)件(jian)已有(you)的(de)(de)預制孔進(jin)行鏜削的(de)(de)機(ji)床。通(tong)常都是(shi)鏜刀(dao)(dao)旋轉(zhuan)為主運動(dong)，鏜刀(dao)(dao)或(huo)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)移動(dong)為進(jin)給(gei)運動(dong)。今天(tian)無(wu)錫鏜床加工廠(chang)為進一(yi)(yi)步促進和(he)提高鏜(tang)(tang)床操作(zuo)水平，提高工作(zuo)效(xiao)率，進一(yi)(yi)步保證(zheng)產品質量，介(jie)紹(shao)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)在應用鏜(tang)(tang)床鏜(tang)(tang)削(xue)工件方面的(de)經驗與竅門，僅供大家(jia)參考！
一：通過墊塊的(de)穩定性(xing)解決工件鏜削過程中的(de)發顫現象
鏜削筒體(ti)或(huo)殼體(ti)類強(qiang)度薄弱工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)時，有時會(hui)因(yin)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)強(qiang)度不足以抵抗鏜削過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)切削力而(er)造成鏜削件(jian)(jian)發(fa)顫的(de)(de)現象。許多操作工(gong)(gong)不知(zhi)如何簡單(dan)地解(jie)決(jue)該類問題，只會(hui)對工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)增加壓板(ban)或(huo)輔助支撐。其實，有時只需將壓板(ban)的(de)(de)墊塊(kuai)更換為強(qiang)度較大的(de)(de)墊塊(kuai)即可解(jie)決(jue)。可通過(guo)(guo)墊塊(kuai)的(de)(de)穩(wen)定性解(jie)決(jue)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)鏜削過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)發(fa)顫現象。
二：鏜削平(ping)行孔(kong)系必須采取同一進給方式
在(zai)(zai)(zai)應(ying)用鏜(tang)(tang)床(chuang)鏜(tang)(tang)削(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)件的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，經常會遇到具有多組平(ping)(ping)行(xing)(xing)孔(kong)系(xi)工(gong)(gong)件需要鏜(tang)(tang)削(xue)(xue)的(de)情況。有時因(yin)(yin)被(bei)鏜(tang)(tang)削(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)件的(de)平(ping)(ping)行(xing)(xing)孔(kong)系(xi)各孔(kong)的(de)長度或孔(kong)端面不一(yi)致而(er)采取工(gong)(gong)作臺縱(zong)向(xiang)進(jin)(jin)給(gei)和主(zhu)軸進(jin)(jin)給(gei)聯合應(ying)用的(de)方(fang)法(fa)，這(zhe)是不可取的(de)。因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)作臺進(jin)(jin)給(gei)時，由于其(qi)(qi)縱(zong)向(xiang)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)導(dao)軌必然(ran)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)間隙，致使工(gong)(gong)作臺在(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)給(gei)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)會在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)向(xiang)內發(fa)(fa)生微量(liang)“飄(piao)移”的(de)現象(xiang)(xiang)，導(dao)致其(qi)(qi)被(bei)鏜(tang)(tang)削(xue)(xue)孔(kong)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線發(fa)(fa)生微量(liang)偏(pian)移，造成被(bei)鏜(tang)(tang)削(xue)(xue)孔(kong)系(xi)的(de)不同軸問題。同時，還會因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)作臺偏(pian)載使其(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)給(gei)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)生在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)面內的(de)“扭轉”現象(xiang)(xiang)，從而(er)增大被(bei)鏜(tang)(tang)削(xue)(xue)平(ping)(ping)行(xing)(xing)孔(kong)系(xi)的(de)平(ping)(ping)行(xing)(xing)度誤差(cha)。
三：垂直度誤差問(wen)題(ti)
在應用鏜床加工工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)垂(chui)(chui)直孔系(xi)(xi)或垂(chui)(chui)直平(ping)面時，要(yao)先校正(zheng)(zheng)鏜(tang)床工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)的(de)(de)回轉(zhuan)精度。如(ru)果其回轉(zhuan)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)精度不準(zhun)確(que)，必(bi)須(xu)校正(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)回轉(zhuan)垂(chui)(chui)直度準(zhun)確(que)后(hou)(hou)，方可(ke)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)續部(bu)分。當(dang)然，可(ke)以通(tong)過校正(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)已(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔系(xi)(xi)或平(ping)面對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)的(de)(de)回轉(zhuan)精度進(jin)(jin)行定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)。但是(shi)，必(bi)須(xu)按照后(hou)(hou)續加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)或主軸(zhou)(zhou)進(jin)(jin)給(gei)方式(shi)進(jin)(jin)行校正(zheng)(zheng)，并對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置進(jin)(jin)行定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)。如(ru)果是(shi)利用主軸(zhou)(zhou)裝(zhuang)刀桿鏜(tang)孔，要(yao)先將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)移(yi)動(dong)到工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)被加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔基(ji)(ji)本與(yu)鏜(tang)床主軸(zhou)(zhou)同(tong)心處，再將(jiang)主軸(zhou)(zhou)上的(de)(de)刀桿槽孔中安(an)裝(zhuang)并緊固(gu)輔助拉(la)桿，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)已(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)位(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)行校正(zheng)(zheng)，校正(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)(hou)，緊固(gu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)，并再校正(zheng)(zheng)一下，以防止工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)在緊固(gu)過程中偏(pian)轉(zhuan)而留下隱患(huan)。如(ru)果工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)已(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)分較(jiao)小(xiao)，必(bi)須(xu)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)或工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)上增(zeng)加(jia)輔助裝(zhuang)置校正(zheng)(zheng)基(ji)(ji)準(zhun)，以確(que)保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)回轉(zhuan)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)垂(chui)(chui)直度。
四(si)：鏜(tang)削(xue)組合體聯軸(zhou)器內孔的快速裝夾校正法(fa)
在應用(yong)鏜(tang)床(chuang)鏜(tang)削組合體聯(lian)軸器內孔時(shi)，防止其(qi)加(jia)工(gong)后(hou)對(dui)口面(mian)偏心，通(tong)常是將(jiang)(jiang)聯(lian)軸器在其(qi)對(dui)口面(mian)水(shui)平(ping)狀態下放置(zhi)在V形(xing)(xing)鐵上，再用(yong)找(zhao)正針對(dui)其(qi)對(dui)口面(mian)進行校(xiao)平(ping)事項，有(you)時(shi)需要(yao)加(jia)墊子，比較費時(shi)。通(tong)過分析其(qi)功(gong)用(yong)，直接將(jiang)(jiang)聯(lian)軸器以(yi)其(qi)對(dui)口面(mian)垂直于工(gong)作臺面(mian)的方(fang)式放置(zhi)在V形(xing)(xing)鐵上并壓緊、加(jia)工(gong)。如果聯(lian)軸器兩(liang)端靠在V形(xing)(xing)鐵上的外(wai)圓(yuan)直徑(jing)不同，則在外(wai)圓(yuan)較小一端處(chu)的V形(xing)(xing)鐵上墊鐵皮即可，鐵皮厚度(du)等(deng)于聯(lian)軸器外(wai)圓(yuan)大小頭半徑(jing)之差。
五：應用變速切削(xue)法防止(zhi)鏜削(xue)薄(bo)壁工件過(guo)程中的振(zhen)動
在(zai)(zai)(zai)鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)剛性較差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薄壁箱體或筒體等類似工件(jian)(jian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，有時會(hui)遇(yu)到因工件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強度不足而(er)引起鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)統發(fa)顫(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象，降低了鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)工件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)尺寸(cun)精度。通(tong)常采取增(zeng)加壓(ya)板或輔助(zhu)支撐(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式解決這種(zhong)問題。筆者經過多(duo)年對該類問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)，發(fa)現(xian)該類發(fa)顫(zhan)現(xian)象是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)微小到劇烈逐漸增(zeng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，即后續發(fa)顫(zhan)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)前期發(fa)顫(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上逐漸增(zeng)加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)工件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)具(ju)在(zai)(zai)(zai)旋轉鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)時，工件(jian)(jian)出(chu)現(xian)初次發(fa)顫(zhan)后，其加工表(biao)面必然出(chu)現(xian)微量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“振(zhen)痕”，該“振(zhen)痕”會(hui)使(shi)刀(dao)具(ju)在(zai)(zai)(zai)第二圈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)沿其軌跡發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)“顛(dian)覆”式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導向型切削(xue)(xue)(xue)，進一步導致(zhi)“振(zhen)痕”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)大，致(zhi)使(shi)“振(zhen)痕”在(zai)(zai)(zai)后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)愈(yu)來愈(yu)大，從(cong)而(er)造成(cheng)鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)動隨之愈(yu)來愈(yu)強烈，這種(zhong)現(xian)象就是(shi)(shi)因刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切削(xue)(xue)(xue)速度不變(bian)，使(shi)刀(dao)刃在(zai)(zai)(zai)切削(xue)(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“顛(dian)覆”軌跡一致(zhi)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了共振(zhen)現(xian)象。通(tong)過頻繁(fan)按(an)壓(ya)鏜(tang)床操(cao)作面板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)點動按(an)鈕，使(shi)刀(dao)具(ju)在(zai)(zai)(zai)鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)此(ci)類工件(jian)(jian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)速式切削(xue)(xue)(xue)，改變(bian)其振(zhen)動頻率，可杜絕由(you)(you)于共振(zhen)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏜(tang)削(xue)(xue)(xue)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)動現(xian)象，保證工件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加工質(zhi)量(liang)。但該方法盡量(liang)少用，以防止(zhi)鏜(tang)床接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器觸(chu)(chu)點由(you)(you)于頻繁(fan)通(tong)斷(duan)電而(er)燒損(sun)。